Issues in International Business

Question: Examine about the Issues in International Business. Answer: Presentation History of the Company Walmart was opened in the year 1962, by Mr. Sam Walton (Walmart.com, 2016). It is a generally famous worldwide retail chain outlet headquartered in the United States of America (Walmart.com, 2016). It has made a chain of markdown retail chains, hypermarkets, markets and others (Walmart.com, 2016). There are 11,545 Walmart stores in 28 nations, as on date 30 June, 2016 (Walmart.com, 2016). The organization has various names in the various nations. For instance, it is known as Asda in UK, Walmart in USA, Best Price in India and Walmart de Mexico y Centroamerica in Mexico (Walmart.com, 2016). Foundation The organization is gigantically well known in light of the fact that it is the biggest organization by income on the planet, according to the Fortune Global 500 rundown, distributed in the year 2016 (Fortune, 2016). It is additionally considered as the most significant organization on the planet as far as market esteem. The total compensation of the organization was US$ 14.694 billion in the year 2015 (Walmart.com, 2016). The organization is viewed as the biggest boss on the planet (in the private segment) (Walmart.com, 2016) . It has around 2.2 million representatives everywhere throughout the world (Walmart.com, 2016). It is a notable name in the Retail business. There are three retail organizations of Walmart in U.S.A known as Discount stores, Supercenters and Neighborhood markets (Walmart.com, 2016). The retail division in the U.S.A is the biggest one. It contributes around 62.4% of the absolute deals of the organization (Walmart.com, 2016). Results of the Company The organization offers store brands, otherwise called conventional brands. These are minimal effort options in contrast to the marked items. The organization offers nonexclusive brand items with the end goal of buyer buy (King Chicken, 2015). The fundamental results of the organization are hardware, attire, motion pictures, footwear, toys, gems, make supplies, wellness merchandise, basic food item things and others. Passage to Country The city-state chose for propelling Walmart stores is Singapore. It is a Sovereign Republic State which is a dependent on English Common Law (Gill, 2013). It has the best water, air and street transportation in the worldwide market. The social assorted variety of Singapore makes it a best spot for the remote firms. The Singaporean market is worthwhile for the remote financial specialists and henceforth it is a rewarding nation for business oppportunities. Target Market The essential strategy of Walmart is to assist clients with saving their well deserved cash by actualizing best costs in the market (Niu Yu, 2016). The objective market of the organization incorporates the white collar class, lower and lower pay family units. When all is said in done, the organization draws in the humble pay gathering. Openings in Target Market Singapore is a free market economy with a high for each capita GDP (Rodan, 2016). The nation involved the primary situation in the simplicity of working together, according to the World Bank study (in the year 2012). It is additionally the best goal for remote direct speculation (Singstat.gov.sg 2016). Likely Market for the Product The city has a populace of 5.68 million and is considered as the second densest sovereign state (Singstat.gov.sg 2016). The social assorted variety of the populace presents worthwhile open door for the dispatch of the Walmart stores. There are individuals from all pay bunches in Singapore, which makes it the best goal for the dispatch of the Walmart stores (Singstat.gov.sg 2016). Difficulties There can be a few difficulties during the dispatch of the results of Walmart at Singapore. There can be a few hindrances when entering another market. There might be tough government guidelines, high beginning up costs, innovation ensured by patent, item separation, economies of scale, contenders, social contrasts, substitute items and others (Creusen Lejour, 2013). There are three significant obstructions for passage in the business sectors of Singapore to be specific Government guidelines, Economies of Scale and the Competitors. The Singaporean Government may present section obstructions by prohibitive authorizing necessities. It might likewise confine the accessibility of the crude materials and postponement in the issuance of fundamental government endorsements. The presence of the economies of scale can go about as an obstruction. The additions in the productivity and the low creation costs involves the economies of the scale. The current organizations in the Singaporean market are now delivering better items which are all around situated in the objective markets. The new organization will most likely be unable to convey items that catch the objective markets. This makes an obstruction the items just as administrations of the new organization. The new market has effectively countless contenders who are conveying comparative items and admini strations to the clients. The current market players have just caught the objective market by fulfilling their inclinations. Walmart needs to redo its items and fix a moderate cost for the items. This is accomplished with the end goal of upper hand in the new markets. Proposals The difficulties clarified in the past area should be survived so that Walmart can catch the new market in a limited ability to focus time. The organization needs to recognize the solid territories of the market in which the Singaporean government is intrigued. The organization ought to be very much aware of the lawful necessities of Singapore, for example, consents, licenses, administrative compliances and others. The organization should concentrate more on the economies of scale by encouraging development and dispatch minimal effort creation strategies or change in the example of sourcing. Exceptional consideration ought to be given on expenses of crude materials, creation, coordinations, shipments, administration, enlisting skilled faculty and others. A broad statistical surveying ought to be completed for breaking down the qualities of the contenders and their contributions. The administrations and the items ought to be changed as needs be according to the requests of the clients . The organization should intend to make upper hand for better perceivability in the market. The organization ought to break down the capital prerequisites before wandering into the new market. The startup expenses ought to be assessed and noted. This may incorporate the expense of assembling plant, cost of crude materials, securing appropriate areas, the enrollment of capable faculty, establishment of innovation, usage of media communications and others. The organization should know the wellsprings of raising support and should discover financial specialists some time before the real dispatch. There is additionally a need to decide the fixed expenses and the variable expenses. Walmart should concentrate on item separation systems. The organizations should deliver extraordinary items with unique highlights, which are marginally not the same as the contenders items. The organization can likewise utilize the procedure of low valuing for better acknowledgment in the market. It ought to dissect the contributions of the rivals comparable to cost just as usefulness and structure its items as needs be. The framework necessities ought to be all around oversaw by the organization. It can't work effectively without a sound infrastructural setting. The securing of land, setting up of workplaces, execution of advanced network and different utilities ought to be arranged well by the organization. Section Modes There are a few strategies for entering another market. These can be by permitting, diversifying, joint endeavors, distributorship and completely claimed auxiliaries (Shishido, Fukuda Umetani, 2015). The prescribed method of passage to Singapore is by Joint Ventures. It very well may be characterized as a wonder by which at least two financial specialists share control and proprietorship concerning its activity just as property rights (Chung Beamish, 2012). This is a progressively broad type of market passage in contrast with authorizing or sending out. There are built up advertise pioneers in Singapore which manage comparable items. These organizations are mainstream and notable by the neighborhood populace. The tie up with such settled nearby pioneers would give tremendous perceivability to the new firm. This is the explanation of picking joint endeavor as a technique for advertise passage in new geological areas (Chung Beamish, 2012). Time is a significant factor in the infiltrati on of new markets. The setting up of fundamental foundation and the formation of brand picture through advancement includes a lot of exertion, time and funds (Chung Beamish, 2012). On account of another firm in a remote area, these can be a difficult errand. This is the motivation behind why joint endeavor ought to be decided on the reason for picking up perceivability and solid toehold in the outside market (Killing, 2012). There are numerous focal points of joint endeavors, for example, joint money related capacity, wellspring of gracefully, sharing of dangers, sharing of capacity and others. The budgetary speculations are shared by various accomplices, which makes it advantageous for the new contestant. There is simple flexibly of crude materials from the banded together association, as they have just acquired from the best providers. Walmart would appreciate access to new planned markets, conveyance systems and others. The sharing of likely dangers with the accomplices likewise makes the organization to manage unfriendly circumstances (Beamish, 2013). The organization would flourish without the need to get assets from outsiders. The current organizations database can be utilized to viably advertise the results of Walmart (Chung Beamish, 2012). This would make the organization to set up their essence in the undiscovered markets of Singapore. References Beamish, P. (2013).Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Chung, C. C., Beamish, P. W. (2012). Multi-party global joint endeavors: Multiple post-development change processes.Journal of World Business,47(4), 648-663. Creusen, H., Lejour, A. (2013). Market section and financial diplomacy.App

Harry Potter file and music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Harry Potter record and music - Essay Example Patrick Doyle needed to catch all the plots and subplots of the book, comprehend Newell's disposition and add to the general picture with his score. Breaking down the film it is conceivable to state that Doyle's feeling of enchantment and cleverness alongside strong experience helped him to make an ideal score for The Goblet of Fire. From the primary Potter adjustment executives of the motion pictures have changed a few times, and the consistency was accomplished with the assistance of Rowling’s fastidious work on the screenplay, skilled youthful entertainers who were getting more seasoned in a similar pace with characters, and most outstandingly, noteworthy soundtrack made by John Williams. His works were perceptible with specific complement on the title topic which has become a removed of the film. In any case, it got known some time before the fourth part adjustment that Williams would end collaboration with Warner Brothers, and Potter's fans were anxious to realize who was going to have his spot. Michael Newman who coordinated the film in 2005 discovered old style slanted Patrick Doyle whom he knew from past regular works. Newell picked Doyle for his feeling of dramatization, his feeling of enchantment, and his comical inclination (Webster 208). Doyle was unmistakable with his capacity to make strain i n an appear differently in relation to the assistance of symphony. His past joint efforts with Newman, Donnie Brasko and Into the West were set apart by solid and enticing scores. Doyle seemed as though a conflicted figure as he figured out how to make amazing scores for two movies which in the end ended up being disappointments from the cinematographic viewpoint, Great Expectations and Quest for Camelot. In a similar time he showed himself in lighthearted comedy classification composing engaging and cheerful scores for Bridget Jone's Diary promotion Blow Dry. These abilities got valuable for embellishing youngsters wizardry story with amusing tunes. The scores made for Nanny McPhee and Nouvelle France are viewed as Doyle's top level fills in too. Therefore, it is conceivable to infer that Doyle was ideal

MIT is just another place

MIT is just another place The Tech MITs oldest and largest newspaper (established in 1861!) published a letter to the editor from Folkers E. Rojas on February 28th that I found quite intriguing (and think you might, too). I especially agree with Folkers paragraph that begins I started to paint again.  Without further ado, here are Folkers words: MIT is just another place Prior to arriving at MIT, you might harbor the notion that it is a magical place where unicorns, dragons, and fairies exist. After the first three weeks, the honeymoon is over and you find out that it is a lot of work. The work is manageable, but only if you are not in 10 other activities outside of classes. Supposedly, students that are accepted to MIT are “well-rounded.” In reality, we found science/engineering fun and easy; thus allowing time for us to be the presidents of clubs, play sports, and sleep. Everyone hits the realization that you can’t do everything some time during the first four terms at MIT. I was told prior to arriving at MIT that it was going to be hard work, so I came prepared to reduce my nonacademic commitments. For the first three terms, I treated MIT like most upperclassmen have in the past, and like some freshmen and sophomores still do: a place to leave after earning a degree. Then I came to the realization that I was unhappy, not because of MIT, but because I had forgotten who I was. MIT became about surviving classes, not pursuing knowledge. I decided to make an effort to enjoy MIT, and that is when it all got better. I started to paint again, to work out, and to have a social life. When it came to classes, every class had a purpose. Each class had a syllabus of their goals and objectives; then I would find something that I wanted to learn that could run in parallel to the course material. For example, I took 2.001 (Mechanics and Materials I) because I wanted to be able to design a small-scale bridge and calculate how strong I could make it for very little weight. I never ended up making the bridge, but every time I went to class I thought of how I could use the course material to design it. Stress, beam bending, and trusses became tools for what I wanted to do and ceased being academic objectives. Grades started to no longer matter. I stopped going after the A or B in the course; instead, I went for understanding the material and concepts. I can always go back to a book to find an equation, but understanding the “why” was more important. My approach was not foolproof. I did poorly in classes and realized that it was better to finish the term with three good classes than with four/five poor classes. You don’t get anything out of taking five classes if you don’t do well. Focus on deeply understanding the material. It is important to note that we are not defined by our failures. We are defined how we overcome our failures and move forward. Research is all about failing, and knowing what does not work, so we can discover and innovate on the one thing that works. Faculty have drawers of rejected papers and proposals. Those who have never failed do not understand the process of getting up. On a recent plane flight, I was sitting next to an MIT alum and we had a nice long conversation. We share a bond that transcends time; we both survived Boot Camp MIT. Staying up until 3 a.m. working on a problem set question because you want to find the answer; you don’t want it given to you. We have the ability to create our own heaven or hell. It really depends on the individual. Try discussing probability with people outside of MIT or quantum mechanics, and chances are that you are going to feel different or misunderstood. Or brilliant! MIT is just another place. You can be successful without coming to MIT. It is the drive for knowledge, to be surrounded by individuals that feel the same nerdy way we do about science and engineering that brings us together to such a place. You have to love the place, in order to be happy. If not, why did you come to MIT in the first place? MIT is not a place where parental desires matter. At the end of the day, there is only your desire for knowledge that will keep you up at night. For me, MIT is a playground. I can play around going on the monkey bars and have fun, or consider it exercise and be miserable. After 16 continuous terms (SB, MS, and now PhD candidate) at the Institute, I have found that MIT has so much more to offer than classes. Your education is only half of the learning. Sometimes the other half is the most important half with three important points: One, learning to keep good friends; two, enjoying life independent of the work load; and three, getting to know yourself. I joke around with “renewing my contract” with the Institute, and that I must be insane to keep wanting to stay here. There are no bars or time required to stay; the only thing that keeps us here is our desire. We can all leave at any time we please, move on with our lives, and be successful in the world. MIT is just another place where we come together for the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth: nothing more, nothing less. There are no unicorns, unless they are part of a hack. The only dragon is probably one painted on the halls of Bexley. We don’t have fairies â€" only snow flurries. Folkers E. Rojas G Heres a link to the article on the TECHs website:  http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N7/letters.html Thanks for allowing me to repost this Folkers! -Gabe

Antiviral Drug Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses Essay

Descriptive statistics was used in the research studies of the annotated bibliographies below and provides data that can be applied to the treatment of individuals possibly infected with the influenza virus. The data collected from specific populations shows the effects of specific antiviral drugs under certain conditions. Use of the data will enable healthcare providers to select the best course of action and determine proper use of limited resources in today’s cost constrained environment. Hypothesis Using a selected location in the United States with a large population exposed to both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains given antiviral medications, examination of the population’s resistance to projected influenza strains†¦show more content†¦The study used a single intramuscular injection with a variety of dosages of the drugs Peramivir, Zanamivir, and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in mice infected with the H1N1 influenza virus that caused the 2009 Pandemic in the United States. The study used the mean day of death that the average number of days that the mice survived following infection with H1N1. Evaluation of the weight loss differences in the mice of the study was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mice in the study experience weight loss and mortality following H1N1 infection therefore efficacy of the antivirals was evaluated on weight loss per mouse and mean day to the death of the mice. Mice injected with Peramivir showed bette r survivability rates than those receiving the same dosages of Zanamivir, and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) when initially infected with the H1N1 influenza virus. Support of our hypothesis is seen by noting that during the pandemic of 2009 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) was the initial drug of choice and treated people infected with H1N1 successfully. However as the pandemic spread across the United States antiviral resistance was noted as increasing commensurate with the number of days the pandemic raged. 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Haemophilus influenzae has new strands of bacterium that can affect organism there is an unencapsulated strain and an encapsulated strain, which is the most common strain toRead MoreIntroduction to Diseases10781 Words   |  44 Pageswith exercise or activity †¢ Wheezing, which may: o Comes in episodes with symptom-free periods in between; o May be worse at night or in early morning; o May go away on its own; o Gets better when using drugs that open the airways (bronchodilators); o Gets worse when breathing in cold air; o Gets worse with exercise; o Gets worse with heartburn (reflux); o Usually begins suddenly; Emergency symptoms are usually:

Improving Self Esteem Sixth Grade Math Through Goal Setting

Strengthening Male Self-Esteem in Seventh Grade Math Through Goal Setting Weston Steinberg Instructor: Dr. Chris Deeter A Research Report Presented to The Graduate Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters in Education Concordia University - Portland 2014Strengthening Math Esteem in Seventh Grade Through Goal Setting This action research is about discovering if goal setting helps improve self-esteem for males in the seventh grade math classroom. Actions will be taken by gathering information about students’ self-esteem through a survey at the beginning of the year. This will help the study find out the reasons for their level of self-esteem and have them rate their self esteem in math. After measuring the students’ self-esteem, I will set realistic goals with the students’ to raise their self-esteem. At the end of the research, I will conduct another survey to determine the amount of self-esteem growth from each student and whether or not the goals were achieved. Review of the Literature From personal experiences, there are many different types of emotions and actions that can affect someones math skills. Since teaching, the self-esteem of seventh grade male students stood out as an important affect on how student’s perform. If a student has confidence in math, they will perform well and won’t express their previous negative attitudes. On the other hand, if a student has a low confidence in math, they will perform poorlyShow MoreRelatedSexual Education Programs Taught Schools3646 Words   |  15 Pagesseveral arguments when it comes to sexual education being taught in school systems. Many parents fear their student will learn too much at young age and won’t know how often sexual education is being discussed. 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Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation Free Essays

CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.0 BACKGROUND The world has evolved into a place where employees of organisations are of different nationalities and work outside their countries of origin. With the increase in globalization and the expansion of matrix-based organisations, managers/project teams need to work in culturally diverse project environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every global company’s competitive advantage depends on its ability to coordinate critical resources and information that are spread across different geographical locations. Govindarajan and Gupta (2001) having explored numerous organisational mechanisms concluded that the most effective tool to integrate dispersed cross-border operations is global corporation teams. Global teams are comprised of individuals with different skills, nationalities and cultures. These individuals come together to coordinate and manage aspects of multinational operation on a global basis (Govindarajen and Gupta 2001). 1.1 Problem Statement International projects are mainly driven by global project teams which provide room for a wide pool of talent, potential cost reductions, enforcement of internal competition and possible quality improvements (Eberlein 2008). In line with contemporary globalization being manifested in all spheres of business including international projects, Tomlinson (1999) attests that globalisation is a central theme in every modern business society and consequently poses additional challenge for project managers. To curb this challenge, many critical success factors have been discussed in a broader spectrum covering a range of Project Management knowledge areas. In as much as globalization impacts project management approaches and provokes the need for project teams to cope with the challenges resulting from an ever more dynamic environment of international projects. The problem this project seeks to resolve is to evaluate structures required to facilitate success in global project team implementa tion whilst staying sensitive to the diversity of persons involved in the project. 1.2 Project Definition 1.2.1 Aim The overall aim is to identify key determinants for effective global project team success. 1.2.2 Objectives In order to achieve the above aim, the following objectives are necessary: To examine theories and definition of effective global teams to achieve successful project implementation. To evaluate key determinants of successful global team implementation. To assess the potential challenges that may affect successful global team project implementation. To suggest recommendations necessary to the findings of the study. 1.2.3 Scope of Study 1.2.4 Project/Research Conditions The research conditions in this report refer to the assumptions, constraints and considerations which are aligned to the research objectives outlined in section 1.2.2. Factors considered being true, that may impede project progress and any external validating factors of the project (Hill 2004; Carmichael 2003; Heldman and Mangano 2009) are further discussed in Table 1. Table 1: Assumptions, Constraints, Considerations ASSUMPTIONS CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS Key determinants of success during global project team implementation has become critical in every international project and when discounted may vehemently nce thesis.examine data, it is necessary to_________________________________________________________________ affect organizational functioning.Project Scope: the magnitude of the project could also be a constraint due to the vast project deliverables which will require more planning and resources to accomplish.Scope and Requirement Specifications Materials will be available and sufficient to facilitate accuracy in compilation of facts and figures as well as successful completion and handover of research results.Project Time: project has a schedule and this could serve as a constraint as it is expected not to exceed its timeline.Organisation of the Study No one technique or model adequately accounts as the critical success factor to facilitate successful global project team implementation hence the adoption of various models of effective team.Project Budget: approved budget could restrict the project team since they are left with no other option than to work within this budget.The economic, social and environmental trends of the project 1.3 Justification / Rational The proposed research seeks to propound a theory by way of complementing existing studies thereby contributing to substantiate the existing theories. Upon completion, it is expected that the proposed research will address the reasons for certain global or international projects’ liability to failures including inevitable challenges that may be faced during and after the project. The research will also provide standard and acceptable success models worth considering in global projects. It is, however, expected that the proposed research will contribute to the existing body of literature on matters of effective global team work as well as potential challenges that may affect successful global project team implementation. 1.3.1 Business Goldberg (2008) examines that, â€Å"We live in a project world that is characterized by frequent changes, complexity and virtual expertise. In such a world knowledge identification and sharing is a necessity.† In effect, projects that cross borders offer unique opportunities as well as embrace significant risks. To ensure successful cross-border collaboration, careful selection and alignment are however, not enough (Freedman and Katz 2007), rather, certain deliverables must be aimed at and achieved to consider the project successful. 1.3.2 Academic The research holds a global view which conceptualises the success factors as a multi-dimensional concept. As a result, this research contributes to the generic success factors literature in project management by discussing five key determinants to be considered in every global project implementation. 1.3.3 Personal As an emerging Project Manager who aspires to be identified within a global project team, this research will equip me to better appreciate certain determinants of success which when considered will have a significant impact on global projects. 2.0 METHODOLOGY A qualitative research approach via content analysis and critical discussions as well as analysis will be employed in order to achieve the set objectives of this proposal. Considering the time frame allocated for this exercise, a secondary research methodology is deemed appropriate and will be adopted to congregate information. Literature to be reviewed as secondary data will be sourced from text books, journals and relevant websites via extensive research. Much of the work will also involve brainstorming exercises in order to develop substantial research analysis. 2.1 Sources and Scope of Data The research will use a structured approach to evalu ­ate existing literature from secondary data ranging from publications, research reports, and conference papers. Selection of articles in reviewed academic journals such as the Project Management Jour ­nal (PMJ) and the International Journal of Project Management (IJPM) will be mainly employed since these are considered the leading project management specific journals (Henrie and Sousa-Poza, 2005). Text books to be used for analysis will be sourced electronically and from libraries. Online databases such Science Direct, Emerald, and Business Source Premier will be used to source for other data that relates to the subject matter. 2.2 Data Analysis To appropriately address the objectives of this research proposal, literature will be reviewed to draw out the relative ideas and opinions to evaluate critical success factors in global team implementation. Pictorial representation as well as descriptive analysis in the form of theoretical analysis and critical evaluation will be employed to analyse information gathered. 2.3 Data Presentation Tables and Figures will be used in presenting data. If necessary, schematic diagrams will be employed to illustrate certain findings. 3.0 PROJECT OUTLINE 3.1 Project Approach The phases of the research have been aligned with the APM lifecycle model in Figure 1. 3.2 Organization of the study The study will be organized into five chapters. Chapter One will entail the introduction, problem statement, aim, objectives, methodology, justification of the study, organization of the study in addition to operational definitions to facilitate precise implications of certain words and phrases. Chapter Two will review available literature on Global projects, Global teams and their associated significance in the 21st broad-based international projects era among others findings. Chapter Three will be in two parts. The first part will comprise of what project success factors are and the importance attached to their definition at the commencement of a project. Data gathered will be presented and discussed in the second part of this chapter on five key determinants of success with regards to Global team projects. Chapter Four will entail factors that may affect the swift implementation of projects within a Global setting as well as the role of the project manager to ensure proper implementation. Chapter Five will summarise the findings by drawing a coherent conclusion and propose strategic recommendations through lessons learnt. By examining literature from journals, articles and text books, recommendations will be suggested through a broadened horizon of lessons learnt. 4.0 RESEARCH REQUIREMENT AND RESEARCH SCHEDULE 4.1 Resource Requirement The resource requirements for the research are the articles, journals, text books and relevant literature on Global teams within international projects and critical project success factors to be considered in facilitating successful global project team implementation. All these data are assumed to be free and readily available. At this proposal stage, articles as well as journals on Global teams, Global projects as well as key determinants of global project success have been acquired from text books and other website materials. Also journals and articles have been downloaded from electronic search engines. 4.2 Schedule and Work Plan The research is expected to be completed in four months representing the third semester duration. The research is expected to be completed on 29th September 2011. Figure 2 below shows the proposed dissertation duration work plan. Figure 2: Proposed research duration 5.0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The data required for the proposed research are publicly available and easily accessible electronically and from libraries. No form of unethical practice is required to gain access to the data required for analysis. Furthermore, all data will be objectively presented and analysed and all literature used will be properly acknowledged. 6.0 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Key Determinants of success / Critical success factors: CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Purpose of the Literature Review Literature review is considered a significant part of the research, given that, the researcher will be given the opportunity to appraise reliable past and current materials put together by authors about key determinants of success in global project team implementation. Literature Review will provide evidence on the eligibility of the topic by way of: Demonstrating opinions and facts discovered through the research. Justifying the inclusion of definite works in the review in an attempt to make the literature useful. 2.1 Global Project Teams In a quest to strategically improve effectively by means of integrating resources to gain competitive advantage, organisations are meticulously embarking on international projects by developing alliances across the globe. Geographically dispersed multinational project activities have become a competitive tool in contemporary business environments of which Cleland and Gareis (2006) assesses features such as differences in skills and culture team members bring on board, timely and cost-effectiveness projects as well as technology transfers across borders. 2.2 Global Projects 2.3 Significance of Global Project Team Implementation in the 21st Era REFERENCES GOVINDARAJAN, G. V. and GUPTA, G.A.K., 2001. Building an Effective Global Business Team. MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 HENRIE, M. and SOUSA-POZA, A. 2005. Project Management: A cultural literary review. Project Management Journal 36(2), 5 – 14. LARSON, W. and GRAY, F., 2011. Project Management: Managerial Process. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. CLELAND, D. I. and GAREIS, R., 2006. Global Project Management Handbook. Planning, Organising and Controlling International Projects. 2nd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. TOMLINSON, J., 1999. Globalization and Culture. University of Chicago Press. HOLSTEIN, J., GUBRIUM, J.F., 2002. Qualitative Research. Encyclopaedia of Aging. [Online] Available from http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Qualitative_research.aspx (Accessed May 3 2011) CARMICHAEL, D.G., 2003. Project Management Framework, A.A. Balkema HELDMAN, K. and MANGANO, V., 2009. PMP: Project Management Professional Exam Review Guide. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Ltd. GOLDBERG, R., 2008. The Growing Importance of Global Collaboration. [Online] Available from http://www.theicpm.com/blog/item/676-the-growing-importance-of-global-collaboration (Accessed May 26 2011) FREEDMAN, S., and KATZ, L. 2007. Critical Success Factors for International Projects. PM World Today. Vol. IX, Issue IX. [Online] Available from http://www.pmforum.org/library/papers/2007/PDFs/Freedman_Katz-10-07.pdf (Accessed May 26 2011) BIBILOGRAPHY EBERLEIN, M., 2008. Culture as a critical success factor for successful Global project management in multi-national IT service projects. Journal of Information Technology Management Volume XIX, NO. 3. How to cite Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation, Essay examples

SWOT Analysis Airbnb Essay Example

SWOT Analysis Airbnb Paper Services provided to visitors include rating, review of previous guests and other users recommendation and so on. So far, Air has experienced enormous success with over 1 million hosts and travelers, over 10 million nights booked. Strengths Technology Skills: Airbag has at its disposal some of the worlds best software engineers. The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California, near the so-called Silicon Valley. Leading Brand: Airbag is the companys only brand image, which works in the company s favor. Airbag operates in a niche between conventional accommodation and more allowable options like Surcharging. Distribution channels: Airbag utilizes both HTML websites and mobile APS. The company has acquired smaller travel companies and entered readerships with cleaning companies. We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Customer loyalty/relationship: Airbag is partnered with Concur, who are an expense reporting service for businesses. The Airbag website includes many blobs aimed at both lodgers and property owners Production quality: The mobile APS have high ratings on their respective app stores. Customers generally enjoy the way of traveling encouraged by the service Scale: Airbag used venture capital to purchase College, a German clone of their website, officially marking their international expansion. Management: Co-founders Brian Checks and Joe Gabbier both radiated Rhode Island School of Design and their efforts drive both website and product design, but also the companys growth. Weaknesses Weak brand: The idea can easily be copied Companies tend to focus locally instead of internationally Ex:- Wind. Mom Low customer retention Airbag acts as mediator between the host and the customer Bad experiences of customer leads to customer dissatisfaction. Might not use Airbag again. Demand for more customer service: Exponential increase of users of Airbag each year Customer service is inadequate to meet with customers demands Bad encounters result in bad reviews/several complaints Ex:- Host had to go through a strenuous process to get a refund. Increase of rental/housing prices Renting flats or houses is an increasing trend Airbag provides more money making purport nineties More likely to keep flat empty than give it to anyone. Housing problem generated in the long term. Opportunities Current Situation: Opened 11 new offices in 2012 Concentrated in Europe, then the Americas and few in South/East/South East Asia Expansion in different markets: Reach out to the undeveloped business areas Ex:- Unpopular tourist destinations Introduce online service to house owners Integrate Airbags Platform with other outlets: Create partnership with other services Ex:- Airline agencies, travel guides etc. Same lender minimizes the inconvenience and increase usage Seasonal and periodical promotion: Reward-giving events (ex:- Goad) Sales Increase attractiveness and boost sales Increase in Physical Offices: More local teams Better comma inactions Attract more potential consumers Educate the new users and retain previous customers Threats o Similar Competitors: Some competitors like flats. Com, wind. Com. Budget Hotels: budget hotels have low prices that take the market share of Air o unpleasant Host Experience: The have been some law suits about he lodgers have parties in hoses room. Reference: http://Nippon. Mom/2014/03/1 7/airbag fib-renter-claims-he-returned-home -to-an-orgy/

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essays

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essays The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essay The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essay Tensions between the North and the South were building up prior to the Civil War as slavery became a heated issue between those two regions. Many abolitionist helped many slaves to secretly reach freedom in the North or Canada through the Underground Railroad. Southerners felt that former laws passed by the Congress were not followed as they were supposed to be, because of legal deficiencies. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves which often lived as free citizens in northern cities. The law made northerners feels like they were part of the slave system, and therefore they were upset by it. It was said that around 3,000 black already had fled to the North and Canada. Some of the fugitive slaves used the Underground Railroad to reach Canada. This was done by many anti-slavery Committees in the North that helped them escape. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was composed of ten sections and allowed the sla ve-owner to bring an alleged fugitive before a special officer, a newly created federal commissioner, and use testimony of white witnesses or an affidavit from a court in a slavery state to prove ownership. However, northerners thought that the law was an attack on states rights. Slaveholders could enter their territory, look up for slaves, capture them and then return with them without process of law. This made the northerners angry. On the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 the Congress had active roles in ensuring retrieval of escaped slaves. Federal marshals also were enjoined to help recapture slaves, under $1000 penal fines. If a runaway escaped while in a marshals custody, the marshal had to give up the slaves full value to the owner. As in southern courts, slaves could not testify against whites. It was against the law for the slave to testify on his own behalf or request a jury trial. The federal c

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula In grammar, zero copula refers to the absence of an explicit auxiliary verb (usually a form of the verb be) in certain constructions where it is customarily found in standard English. Also called copula deletion  or understood copula. In their book Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English (Wiley, 2000), John R. Rickford and Russell J. Rickford note that the zero copula is one of the most distinctive and identity-affirming characteristics of ​African-American Vernacular English  (AAVE). Examples and Observations I dont say stuff to people most of the time. Mostly I just look at them like they stupid.(Katherine S. Newman, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. Random House, 2000)Why she cant come to me? Fanny asked as she passed Mercy off to a neighbor so she could walk faster. Where she been? Where she at now? Fanny asked, wringing her hands. She knew something was wrong.(Bernice L. McFadden, This Bitter Earth. Plume, 2002)The Zero Copula in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)One of the most interesting characteristics of AAE is the . . . use of the zero copula. As [William] Labov (1969) has explained, the rule for its use is really quite simple. If you can contract be in SE [Standard English], you can delete it in AAE. That is, since He is nice can be contracted to Hes nice in SE, it can become He nice in AAE. Likewise, But everybodys not black can become But everybody not black. . . .We should note that the zero copula is very rarely found in the speech of whites, even poor southern whites. Not all blacks use it either.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) ​\ Factors Governing the Use of the Zero Copula [Toya A.] Wyatt (1991) found that AAE preschoolers were more likely to use zero copula: after pronoun subjects (56%) rather than noun subjects (21%); before locative predicates (35%) and adjective predicates (27%) rather than noun predicates (18%); and in second person singular and plural predicates (45%) rather than third person singular predicates (19%). In addition, the zero copula occurred less than 1% of the time in past tense, first person singular, and final clause contexts. This suggests that as early as three years of age, AAE child speakers not only acquire the basic grammatical features of AAE but also the language-specific variable rules that govern their use (Wyatt 1996).(Toya A. Wyatt, Childrens Acquisition and Maintenance of AAE. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, ed. by Sonja L. Lanehart. John Benjamins, 2001) I hold Jinggaya. Jinggaya, you all right? I ask. I got bad fear she hurt.Yes, yes, she say. I all right. You all right?(Andrew Parkin, A Thing Apart. Troubador, 2002) Zero Copula and Pidgins Zero copula is probably the single feature most readily associated with pidgins. . . . However, it is not an exclusively pidgin feature by any means. . . . Thus, while zero copula may exist, or have existed at some time, in all pidgins, it is not a feature which distinguishes pidgins from other languages.(Philip Baker, Some Developmental Inferences From Historical Studies of Pidgins and Creoles. The Early Stages of Creolization, ed. by Jacques Arends. John Benjamins, 1995) Suddenly the managers boy put his insolent black head in the doorway, and said in a tone of scathing contemptMistah Kurtzhe dead.(Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1903)

Hobbes and Locke - Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hobbes and Locke - Philosophy Paper - Essay Example The "nature of state" is that this desire can only be kept under control by the supreme power of the sovereign. In Chapter X Hobbes describes that "the nature of state" cannot be applied to all situation of human behavior. Although Hobbes thought "the nature of state" could be limited in time or scope, when people authorize a sovereign to order, they make him their unlimited representative. Whatever the sovereign does is authorized and binds them; consequently every effective government represents. Thomas Hobbes described life in a state of nature as "solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short." (Hobbes), but certainty could be created artificially, if men agreed not to exercise their rights in the cases where it was uncontentiously obvious that they were already under attack, and to hand over the power of defending themselves to a sovereign, who would make the appropriate judgment about difficult cases. Hobbes sees people naturally impelled into the war of all against all. Each will be an enemy to all the rest, not because people are 'sinful' by nature - Hobbes insists that people are not - but because people are both timid and competitive. Fear impels people to strike down their competitors before they can strike humans. (2) Hobbes sees the emergence of "civil society" as a dramatic improvement, because it brings law and authority to people. "Civil society" is contrasted with paternal authority and the state of nature. These changes afforded comfort and decency to civilized and intelligent persons, and a law-abiding political order comprised a satisfactory and progressive state of human affairs. Government was necessary because people were often too short-sighted to realize that their interests were best served by adhering to the rules of justice. It arose less by deliberate decision than through people coming to see that it was to their advantage to support any authority that enforced the rules effectively. The limitation of "civil society" is inability to keep humans genuinely moral. Under morals Hobbes, meant: "mankind that concern their living together in peace and unity" (Hobbes, Chapter XI). It shows the people necessity for strong power, and the lengths at which a person will go to save his life. (3) In the "Letter Concerning Toleration", Lock's principle argument is the claim that religious belief, because it requires consistencies assent, cannot be subjected to effective external coercion; also, the contention that the proper function of the state was to maintain public order and security and that therefore religious toleration was justified only when necessary to achieve that end. Lock created a concept of a "church-society" explaining that all people are born free, but, on the other hand, they starts to share religious believes and values. The move from the state of nature to political society is seen as a response to problems of covetousness, conflict, and ethical uncertainty caused by the development of money and the growth of inequality. Though Locke presents a gradualist account of the actual development of political institutions, the process is described abstractly in terms of state-church relations.

Govt research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Govt research paper - Essay Example (United Nations 2011) The World Tourism Organisation, or UNWTO, serves as a tool where tourism policy matters can be discussed and also helps in developing tourism proficiency among the participating nations. UNWTO plays a vital role in decision-making for the development of tourism that is accessible among nations. Priority is given to developing countries. This organisation has already achieved a significant milestone in line with its aspirations. In 2010, arrivals of tourists around the world have increased to 7% and international tourism has reached export earnings of â‚ ¬693 billion. Furthermore, the level of economic recovery has been high due to fast growth of arrivals. During the first quarter of 2011, arrivals of tourists worldwide went up to 5%. The impacts of global financial and economic crises to tourism during 2008 to 2009 have been addressed and resolved by UNWTO. UNWTO monitors about 150 countries which provide monthly and quarterly reports on international tourist arrivals to UNWTO. In the last quarter of 2011, positive results were shown by 122 countries while only 27 of them submitted negative results. (UNWTO 2011) UNWTO did not really fail in its undertakings, though it is but normal for it to undergo certain challenges and have some room for improvements. In 2007, tourism had been linked to climate change since both international and domestic arrivals and trips had been contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise, the tourism industry back then was likely to suffer from the effects of climate change. Eventually, changes in climate trends might have threatened tourism in those countries where climate greatly affect tourism like in Northern Europe, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean. The biggest challenge here was for UNWTO to balance its solutions to the setbacks in tourism while striving to reduce emissions of

Mpact Of Facebook On Consumer Buying Marketing Essay

Mpact Of Facebook On Consumer Buying Marketing Essay There has been a noticeable change in the technological developments and innovation in the last few years. Undoubtedly, technology plays an important part in our lives. Most of people depend on the internet in most of their daily lives such as sending emails, searching for information; communicate with their family and friends, reading the latest news and so on. That development in technology reaches different sectors like business organizations, academic sectors, and governmental fields. In time where technology plays a great role in peoples lives, marketers are doing their best to take any chance that could bring consumers to their products and services. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, researchers predicted that the internet would alter the relationship between consumers and marketing organization (Lord, 2000; Hamel and Sampler,1998). Ward and his colleagues in 1998 predicted that in the first quarter of the twenty first century, the main channel for shopping for most consumers would be the interactive technologies (Ward et al, 1998). De Kare-Silver (2000) discusses the same idea that this technology will go with consumers need to visit shops, as it will make it easy for people to buy their needs any time without going to the actual place for these products. Many business companies that provide services or physical goods believe that using the electronic resources in their marketing is vital to their success. Porter (2001) recom mends that if companies want to remain competitors, they have to rely on technology. Using technology in marketing allows brands and companies to interact with its customers in individual basis as it provides immediate and quick interact without time limitation (Allan and Chudry, 2000). One type of technology that people and marketers depend on is social networking sites. In these social sites, people usually communicate with each other and during these conversations, they send direct messages to each other without noticing that. The number of people who use these sites are increasing day by day. In the United States around 55.6 million people have used these social sited daily in 2009 (Ostrow, 2009). Globally, Facebook, one of the main social sites, accounts for 750.000.000 registrations, Twitter has 200.000.000 followers (Qualman, 2011). In business sector, these social sites play an important role in consumers purchasing behavior. In these sites, people usually share opinion and purplish information about their view on brands they buy and services they use (Jones, 2010). Consumers use to recommend a brand or marketing organization to friends and followers. In some case, fans of a specific brands establish a page in these social sites where they write their opinion about this brand, upload and download photos of the product that the brand sell. Investigating the relation between these social sites and consumer purchasing behavior is a new trend that encourages researcher to search about. That relation affects both sides, marketers and consumers. For marketers, it helps to create a strong relationship with customers, developing a new idea for new product, and answering common daily questions from consumers (Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Silva et al, 2011). Moreover, in investigating the effect of these sites on consumers purchasing behavior, some studies have been made to find out the relation between these sides. Most of these studies improve that there is a positive relation between social sites and consumer purchasing behavior that the majority of people believe in this statements and support that by some cases where they rely on these social sites in some stages in their purchasing process such as searching for information and evaluating their choices (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). Social media usage is growing rapidly amongst marketing professionals and organisations and fast becoming a new outlet that can potentially be used to help increase customers interest in a product or service. As it becomes widespread it brings about involving customers and facilitating exchange of information bringing about shift in consumer behaviour. Through social media, information, enticing advertisement are made available to consumers easily watch and read and at the same time allowing consumers to post their own opinions and sharing it with friends. For many brands, social media appears as a way to reach new customers and to reflect their feelings and this explains the reason for which many companies are currently working on developing Social Strategies to outline the degree of interactivity that they want to have with their customers that will help consumers to make a buying decision. Successful firms use consumer attitudes and behaviors to segment markets and design marketing strategies. Today, however, consumer trust in corporations is declining while the influence of online communities on buyer behavior is growing. Social media platforms have completely changed the nature of the interaction between brands and their customers, directly impacting upon the contemporary consumer decision process. Laurens (2010) argued that while social media is not the silver bullet that some pundits claim it to be, it is an extremely important and relatively low cost touch point that has a direct impact on sales and positive word of mouth and supporting this argument Glynn and David (2009) said that Companies not actively engaging the social media are missing a huge opportunity of saying something to consumers intentionally or unintentionally about how willing they are to engage on consumers terms. Therefore, its necessary for retailers to understand how social media is affecting current consumers and how they are going to react. During the economic downturn, more and more companies have reduced their communication budget but they have increased expenses for social media by 30%. It is now a priority for big companies but they need also to change their global marketing strategy. It is also important to reach the right customer at the beginning of a social media strategy because opinion leaders, such as bloggers, are the ultimate key to a brands success (The Conversation Group 2012). As the marketing power of social media grows, it no longer makes sense to treat it as an experiment. According to Tamba (2012) Social media has a big impact on how people shop. A quarter of all purchases of FMCGs are influenced by exposure to one form of social media or another and this proportion is growing. Shoppers are weaving their interaction with social and mobile marketing into their everyday lives: As a result, big brands are increasing their social media investment. Social media can influence both impulse purchases and reg ular shopping habits when it comes to FMCGs. The trick is to understand where, when and how customers want to interact with your brand, and with your products. Social marketing for regular purchases is about strengthening and deepening the customers connection with the brand. Impulse buys are also increasingly mediated by social media especially now that so many consumers can access Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest from their mobile phones. 1.1 Statement of Problem. Most often than never, companies do not benefit from social media in a way they should have benefited from it due to their lack of strategic efforts to managing it and measure it success. Through media hypes that emphasis the ease of achieving success with social media, many companies have the believe that what they need to do to achieve success with Facebook is by just launching Facebook page and such companies get disappointed when they see no activities occurring on the page and thus they abandon the page. Common mistakes companies make is devoting a little time for social media and measuring it success on whether audience is conversing or not about their brands on their social media. Nevertheless, companies make mistakes by believing they are in total control of conversations about their companies, brands products or services on social media and they spend heavily on PR to hype their newest hires and new products whereas they forget that social media platform is all about speakin g with people but not at people and more of a community of audience that discuss about companies, their products, services or brands in a way they feel they benefit them or do not (Evans 2010). 1.2 Purpose of Study This research is carried out with the aim of appraising the impact of Facebook on Consumer buying Behaviour in the UK Grocery Market with Tesco Plc as a case study. This is to determine the effect of social media (Facebook) on the consumer buying behaviour of groceries in the UK. 1.3. Research Question What are the impacts of Facebook on consumer buying behaviour in the UK Grocery Market? 1.4 Research Objectives Following from the above highlighted aim, the following objectives have been set to achieve the above aim and followed by the research questions. To identify Facebook usage patterns among UK consumers in grocery market. Evaluate how Facebook effectively changes consumers attitude towards groceries. Investigating and evaluating the role of Facebook website as influencers on Tesco customers in UK at stages of buying decision-making process. Identify if Facebook is the social medium that has the greatest impact on consumer buying pattern of Tesco in UK. Recommendation on how Tesco should use Facebook to encourage consumers to buy their products. 1.5 The Significance of the Research This research work was undertaken to take a critical look at the impacts of a social media called Facebook on consumer buying behaviour in the UK grocery market where Tesco was used as a case study. This research therefore became imperative to undertake as a result of a noticeably new development in the UK market that aroused the interest on the issue surrounding Facebook impact on consumer buying behaviour in the UK and a well known popular FMCG trading company in UK was chosen as a case study to identify these effects of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in the UK Grocery market. Furthermore, the impact of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in grocery markets has not been looked into by researchers thus leaving a gap to identify whether social media (Facebook) really has a significant impact on consumer buying patterns in the grocery market apart form other commodities. Nevertheless, this research has also been undergone due to the keen interest the researcher has, following up to date on the social media impacts on marketing activities in this 20th century and it ability to completely erode the traditional system of marketing communication. 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the study. In investigating the impact of Facebook on consumer buying pattern in UK grocery markets, this study was only limited to Facebook which is not the only social media that consumers use to purchase groceries. The research is not applicable to other social media platforms. Furthermore, the case study adopted was only limited to one of the FMCG companies in UK and thus do not provide a sufficient information about the impact of Facebook on the consumer buying pattern in UK grocery markets 1.7 Overview The overall structure of this research consist of 5 chapters, each dwelling on a specific aspect of the topic under review This first chapter comprises of the introduction, research problem, purpose of the study, research question and objectives of the study. The rational and overview of the proposal have also been covered in this part. The literature review covers the chapter 2 of this research. This part reviews critically the impacts of social media on the buying pattern of consumers in the UK grocery markets from scholarly perspective. Conceptual framework also featured in this part of the research. Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology used in the entire research processes. The research method adopted both quantitative using closed questionnaire and qualitative method using case study approach will be adopted to collect data (Mixed method). The fourth chapter dealt with the analysis and findings of the research while then fifth chapter focused on summary of conclusion and the implications of this research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 2.0 Introduction The Literature review in chapter 2 will provide discussions from published information and an account of what has been published on the topic of this study. It explains body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to Impact of Facebook on Consumer buying Behaviour in the UK Grocery Market. In this chapter, various textbooks, articles, journals, blogs, dailies and websites were consulted to obtain related information, thoughts and quotes of various writers, authors and scholars. 2.1. Consumer Buying Behaviour In marketing, deep understanding of the behaviour of marketing is a very important tool for business success. Consumer buying behaviour is all about the determination of how consumers make decisions on the product or service they want to buy and the factors that are responsible for this decision. According to studies conducted in UK, 56% out of 11,000 new products that are launched by 77 companies in the UK are present after 5 years of new product launch. Also, studies revealed that only 8% of new products concept from 112 leading companies reached that market where 83% where unable to meet marketing objectives. Consumer buying behaviour tends to study these reasons why companies need to have a deep understanding of why consumers make the purchase they do and the factors that influence their decision to purchase (Hitesh, 2010). Because consumers are the drivers of marketing, the need to formulate well suitable marketing plans that that will critically examine consumer behavioural att ributes and needs, lifestyles and purchase process in order to make a nearly perfect marketing mix decisions. Studying what consumers buy, the reason they buy, the way they buy, time they buy, the location and frequency at which they buy are key things to understand when undertaken the study of consumer behaviour (Hitesh, 2010). Wayne et al., 2008, defined consumer buying behaviour is the reflection of the totality of consumers decisions regarding acquisition, consumption, and disposition of products and services, activities, people, ideas and experiences. Also, Dibb and simkin (2001) defined the buying behaviour of consumers as an act and decision making process of people that are involved purchasing and using products or services for personal or household consumptions. Theoretical approaches have been used by researchers to have an in-depth understanding of consumer behaviour and these approaches have been inherent in 3 psychological orientations; Reinforcement theory, Cognitive theory and Freuds psycho-analytical theory (Fill,2006), with the most popular and current approach to consumer behaviour out of the 3 approaches been the cognitive theory (Berkman and Gilson, 1986), where cognitive theory states that people use and process information they derived from internal and external sources to identify pro blems and make decisions. The major elements outlined by the cognitive theory for problem solving among consumers in their buying behaviour have been perception, learning, attitudes, and personality (Fill, 2006). Consumer behaviour goes beyond the method by which consumers purchase tangible products like groceries, clothing and automobiles but rather, consumer buying behaviour also involve consumers use of services, experiences, activities, and ideas such as going to see a General Practitioner (GP), signing up for a gym class, donating to charity, voting for politicians, seeing movies featured by certain actors etc. Consumer behaviour was also expressed as activities people get involved in when collecting, utilising and disposing products and services (Blackwell et al.,2001) or environmental factors that are aimed at creating actual behaviour (Jim,2008). Four factors namely; psychological core, process of decision making, consumers culture and consumer behaviour outcomes have been identified to affect the buying behaviour of consumers (Wayne et al., 2008) while Haydon (2009) grouped factors that affect consumer buying behaviour into 3 group namely external influences (firms marketing effort a nd consumers culture), internal processes (psychological processes and decision making) and post decision processes. Choices are been made by consumers daily and buying behaviour is said to be influenced by the characteristics (cultural, social and psychological) and the decision process that buyers make (Khursia, 2012). Furthermore, several research have been undertaken to identify the buying behaviour of consumer through social psychology and personality (Ajzen, 1987), marital status and responsibilities (Goldman and Johansson, 1978), and consumer loyalty (Suen and Wei, 2009). 2.11 Psychology of buyers Psychology of buyers must be determined by manufacturers through identification of buyers need when marketing a product to target group of customers. Buyers most often look for sense of safety and belonging, although other customers want to gain self esteem in the presence of their peers. The perception of a product by buyers must be understood when providing information about the product to buyers as there are possibilities that buyers could interpret information provided by buyers about a product on the basis of their previous beliefs and knowledge, although learning about such product may change behavior of buyers (Jeff 2012). 2.12 Behaviour of consumers Also, buyers could also buy products depending on their personalities and lifestyles. For example individual buyer that seeks to life a healthy lifestyle could go for organic foods while avoiding foods that are sun-tanned. In family situation, buying decisions are often based on what buyers perceived to be best for their family. Deep awareness on who makes decisions for family product must be understood by marketers. Among newly weds with no children, purchasing is the product of decision made by husband and wife, while the stay at home parent makes the decision in a family with young children (Jeff 2012). 2.13 Characteristics of Consumer Social class and culture up to some extent determines types, quality and quantity of products that buyers buy or use. In clothing, social class may determine the type of clothes buyers buy. Culture also greatly impacts on food where deep-fried food may be easier to sell in the south than in California. The buying process begins with a step where consumers recognise a need, or a disparity between what they possess and what they need to buy to change their condition. Also, decision to buy a product can also be based on elements such as packaging, payment methods and the features and of the product (Jeff 2012). Firms Marketing Efforts 1. Product 2. Promotion 3. Price 4. Place The Consumers Culture 1. Religion 2. Ethnicity 3. Reference Groups 4. Social class Psychological Processes 1. Motivation 2. Perception 3. Attitude 4. Knowledge Decision Making 1. Problem recognition 2.Information Search 3. Judgement 4. Decision Post -decision Processes 1. Purchase 2. Post-purchase behaviour Figure 1: Model of Consumer Behaviour 2.2 Social media Social media is a set of applications such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook etc built to operate on Web 2.0 platform which enables the creation and sharing of information created by users that are known as user-generated content (Kaplan and Haenlin, 2010). Social media has been expressed to be the new millennium medium of communication across the world with the most popular of all been Facebook, twitter and LinkedIn. For example, Facebook as at June, 2012 was said to have a monthly active user of 750 million people and 1 billion active users were estimated to be on Facebook by the end of 2012, thus supporting the believe of many analyst that social media marketing will out rightly replace some forms of traditional marketing such as directing mail (Fuel oil news, 2012). Social network, one of the currently used platforms by social media is said to be a very diverse and big complex concept perceive to which its knowledge require a clear identification of its scope and coverage that f orms it boundaries (George, 2008). Tracy (2008) expressed that social media existence is inherent in the context of communities that are built of people where relations are been developed and nurtured through creation, sharing, engaging and commenting in content. Social media are online tools that provide access to users with identical interest to share information that is referred to as user generated account content while also learning from others, or network in an open process (Stepenson, 2011). According to Smith and Zee (2011), Social media has been opined to be an effective way of running business other than just an ordinary marketing tool, requiring both old and new companies to embed new culture of company wide support, systems and incentives where mindset of thinking relationships and not just sales or transaction marketing must be ensured. Social media has been further explained by Smith and Zee (2011) to look beyond short term sales but should enable the culture of sharin g and listening, channelling information into organisational system that alert companies into negative and positive comments, suggestions, complaints and new ideas that are beneficial for new product development, new advertisements, new discussions and promotions. Business managers are often faced with challenges of exploiting opportunities associated with the increasing availability of social media sites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn that is been dominated by 50% users alone in UK. Despite the fact that social media has become a very popular networks that is frequently used by consumers, while organisations are still struggling to understand and put it to use effectively (Nielsen 2010). However, despite the believe of many about the opportunities inherent in social media, some are still sceptical about its potentials due to an immense uncertainty about how it can be leveraged for a long term profits and returns as well as the ability to identify the fact that return on investment can be attributed to social media marketing efforts (Weinberg and Berger, 2010), Weinberg and David, 2005). Apart from social media exposing consumers to research and purchase considerations, social media has also provided platform through which consumers can a dvocate for the products and stores they so much valued and love (Jay, 2012). To gather information, consumers are now relying on social media to decide on which products to buy (Kozinets 2002) and the usage of social media by consumers for brand recognition, information about products and the opinion about product or service provider are most often influenced by the cultural background of consumers as consumers widely vary in their expectation of product and service quality (Donthu and Yoo 1998).Through social media, companies are offered the opportunities to understand the needs of their consumers and increase their level of satisfaction through proactive and timely response (Jay, 2012). 2.3 Usage pattern of Social media among consumers. No doubt, social media has gone through a significant transformation over years (Mangold and faulds, 2009). This significant transformation of social media and the extent to which consumers rely on social media to make purchasing decision led to the full awareness of the potentials of social media by marketers. Advent of social media has immensely changed the society, influencing consumers behaviour in terms of scanning for information on different social media to read other consumers view concerning products or services they want to purchase (Todaro, 2007). The traditional media has been greatly replaced by social networks and the awareness on social media opportunities seems unlimited as millions of Coca-cola fans on Facebook are declaring their love for the brand, most frequently viewed on YouTube been roller babies of Danones water brand Evian while thousands of consumers that patronise Starbucks work hand in hand with the brand to generate new ideas for their products. According to Trusvo et al., 2009, 1.54 billion dollars was said to have been used to implement and support social media communications in 2008 and as such, social media growths is getting quite unlimited as investment on social media are estimated to increase to 3 billion dollars in the year 2013 (Kozinets et al., 2010). 70% internet users have been discovered to trust judgements and evaluations of their fellow consumers on the social media platforms thus leaving brand generation and awareness at the mercy of social media users (Nielsen 2009). According to a survey conducted by Fishburn Hedges, more than third of UK consumers that constitute 36% are said to have engaged with companies brands through social media and this increase was driven by a common belief among 40% respondents that improving customer service is as a result social media when compared with just 7% of respondents that believed that social media has a negative impact on customer service. Furthermore, 68% of respondents that have engaged with brands through social media have believed that through social media, their concerns and their wishes have been made known to their products and service provider and more than 65% respondent expressed that social media gives them a better chance to communicate with companies(David, 2012). Fishburn_image_1 Figure 2: Usage pattern of social media among UK consumers (David, 2012). In the same vein, research conducted by YouGov Media, UK (2011) explained that the uptake and usage of social media services as a marketing tool remains favourably high among British public where Facebook is the social media site with a highest percentage of active users. 65% of online population in UK have Facebook with 95% of 16 to 20 years olds and 74% of 21-24 years old are frequently accessing Facebook social media site. The next social media site with the highest number of active users after Facebook is said to be YouTube that has 50% of all UK internet users while Twitter, Windows Live, LinkedIn, Google and Spotify have been surveyed to have 23%, 14%, 13%, 12% and 10% active online users respectively (YouGov,2012). Furthermore, study conducted among by Hiscox (2012) among entrepreneurs in UK found out that 57% of businesses use social media for marketing where 19% of these entrepreneurs use Facebook as their social media platform while 14% use linkedIn. The use of social media to support marketing efforts in UK is inherent in the fact that 53% of UK adults that use social networks follow a particular brands while 4 out of 5 internet users visit other social platforms as we as blogs. Also, in a study conducted by Jon (2011), 77% of UK 48.6 million adult were discovered to have an active Facebook profile, 15.5 million adult were investigated to be using Twitter account, 7.2 million adult use a photo sharing platform while 7.9 million UK adults use LinkedIn. Facebook was discovered to be the most popular UK social networking site with 77% of all UK users having an active Facebook profile where 80% women constitute the population of active Facebook user compared to 72% of men. How Businesses use Social Media Hiscox Insurance Figure 3: Usage pattern of social media among UK entrepreneurs (Hiscox 2012). Social Media Usage in UK infographic low res 2 Figure 4: Social Media usage pattern depending on age and gender (Jon 2011). Examining the study conducted by Dirk (2011) that proposed that the increase in the number of active user of social media was as a result of the advent of smartphones, investigated that social networks are accessed by more than half of UK users through their phones almost everyday, suggesting that overall, 35% of he UK mobile UK mobile phone population use social networks from their phones where over 44% of mobile phone users in UK are estimated to be smartphone users. uk_mobilesocialsept10-11-1 Figure 5: The Frequency of Social Networking site or Blog in UK (Dirk, 2011) 2.4. Changing consumers attitude through Social media Word of mouth has been found to be an effective means through which consumers buy products and services. Take for example an active user of Facebook with 15,000 followers finds a product valuable to him and thus recommends such product to his 15,000 followers on the social media sites and these followers also recommend the product to their followers and thus create a huge awareness for such brand through these social media medium. With the advent of social media, word of mouth and engagements which are effective means by which products are sold have been facilitated by social media. Years ago companys sale representatives only had the not less than 5 interactions a day but in the social media age, companies have increased their individual customer interactions to 100 or more (Joan et al., 2010). Favoured brands may be promoted by consumers through positive comments on social media like Facebook or twitter pages or could be through uploading the video clips about such brand on YouTube . In the same vein, when consumers are not satisfied with a particular product, consumers could use the brands social media to register their feelings of unsatisfaction about the companys product on the brands social media forum. Findings made by Dellarocas et al., 2007 found out that consumers look out for recommendations concerning products and proceed to buy such product via the traditional channel such as offline stores (Heil et al., 2010). Social media like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube etc are been used by consumers to serve as an evaluation forums where products quality or service reviewed by other consumers that have experience with such products or services are used as a determinant to determine whether such product or service would be purchased or not, and thus social media reduce uncertainty and improve efficiency of consumers online searches in products consumption process (Dwyer, 2007). Through social media, consumers have greatly influenced one another when maki ng purchasing decisions where consumers ask one another for advice on these social media platform, mimicking and observing one anothers decision and relying on these recommendations from others before purchases are made (Hasan 2008). In a study conducted by IBM in Europe, more than half of Social media users in Britain, France, Italy and even Germany often check social networks before they make decision on purchasing or not purchasing a particular good or service. 35% of active Facebook users are discovered to use Facebook page to consult people for advices about products and services. In 40% of the situation, consumers procure such product they do investigation on through the social media. Furthermore, studies have also proved that 56% of Facebook users that have become the follower of a particular brand are likely to recommend to their social network followers such brand they follow (ConversationGroup, 2012). According to MRY (Mr Young), during holiday sales, exchanges among frien ds, family and brands have a significantly direct influence on purchasing decision. Through Faceb

All Quiet on the Western Front by E.M. Remarque

â€Å"This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession†¦ It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war† states Erich Maria Remarque in the very beginning of his most known novel All Quiet on the Western Front. This book blames the war on damaging young people and states how they will never adapt back to normal life and accuses people who don't even fight in the war of starting it for no reason. The narrator of the story, Paul, talks about his experience with the war turning these sane men into heaps of madness, and how the war was completely unnecessary and does not do the country any good. Paul says while on leave, â€Å"Out there I was indifferent and often hopeless– I will never be able to be so again. I was a soldier, and now I am nothing but an agony for myself, my mother, for everything that is so comfortless and without end†.(p. 185) This evidence shows that the war causes the soldiers to feel uncomfortable with the world outside after the war. The war changes the soldiers into people who teach others to kill and don't even know the reason. For example, one night while Paul volunteered for patrol, shelling started so he got into a shell hole to take cover. A Frenchman later jumps into the hole with Paul but Paul has to stab him. While in the hole with the Frenchman's lifeless body Paul talks to him he says, â€Å"Why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us, that your mothers are just as anxious as ours, and that we have the same fear of death, and the same dying and the same agony–Forgive me, comrade; how could you be my enemy?†(p.223) this shows that even the soldiers don't like the fact that they fight these people for no reason, that they all have rights as people and they all show fear so why would they fight each other. While on leave Paul speaks to two gentlemen who offer him cigars, while talking to the gentlemen one says, â€Å"but this relates to the whole. And of that, you are not able to judge. You see only your little sector and so cannot have any general survey. You do your duty, you risk your lives, that deserves the highest honor–every man.†, this shows that people who don't even fight in the war think that they know more about what goes on than the soldiers who actually fight in the battle. Another way the book shows that the soldiers don't want the war and that it only helps a select few takes place on page 206. One quote on this page reads † every full-grown emperor requires at least one war otherwise he would not be famous†¦ there are other people back behind there who profit from the war, that's for certain.† this blames the government for needing a war because they believe it would make them go down in history as a great nation and that the war's only purpose consisted of a government wanting too much power. â€Å"I think it is more of a kind of fever no one, in particular, wants it, and then all at once there, it is. We didn't want the war, the others say the same thing– and yet half the world's in it all the same.†(p.206) this quote comes up when Paul and his comrades talked about the significance of the war and why they fought the war. It states that the people never wanted or needed the war in the first place the government wanted to show that they had power. Remarque accuses the government with this statement because he writes about the people and the soldiers not wanting the war for many reasons such as food, materials, and money, but yet the war still took place. All in all this book accuses the war and the government of the death of these young men and for ruining their lives. The war did not need to take place and many people did not like the war. The war caused young men to get drafted and not have proper training on the battlefield causing more casualties. All of these things make All Quiet on the Western Front what remarque said it wouldn't turn into, an accusation.

The Ethics And Ethical Ethics - 1739 Words

Since the turn of the 4th Century BC, the study of ethics and ethical behaviour has occupied human thought, with various philosophers exploring the fundamental issues of practical decision making, determining the nature of normative theories (Aristotelian virtue ethics), and applying these principles to pragmatic moral issues. Approximately 2040 years ago, Aristotle published, what is considered to be the foundations of modern day ethics and ethical frameworks, the â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†. Through this publication, Aristotle analyzes the significance virtues have on a well-lived life, by acknowledging that ideal character traits outline a virtuous person, with these traits being â€Å"derived from natural internal tendencies, needing nurturing;†¦show more content†¦Contrary to this, Deontologists who would explore what our moral duty is. They would state that the unborn infant is inevitably permitted to the same rights and moral considerations that any human being is already authorized to. Which means, that it has at first glance the right to life, and violating that right is going to demand a great reason that in shows in this situation the Fetus’ right to life (Metapop, 2013). The third ethical framework of the Catholic Church is Natural Law; which explores the virtue and/or moral character of the person based on reason, along with revelation carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions. Natural Law in Catholicism refers to human nature, and what it means to be a human being, which Catholics believe is conceiving child through love, not science (shc.edu, 1995). Thomas Aquinas, the creator of Natural Law, calls it â€Å"right reason† when one will make judgments which are consistent with one’s human nature, encouraging human prosperity the natural way- â€Å"to do good, and avoid evil.† (shc.edu, 1955). These ethical frameworks apply and relate to the topic of abortion, as people are often unclear on whether or not the process of abortion is moral or immorally wrong. For the most part Catholicism believes abortion to be wrong, based on the framework of non-consequentialism/deontology