MIT is just another place

MIT is just another place The Tech MITs oldest and largest newspaper (established in 1861!) published a letter to the editor from Folkers E. Rojas on February 28th that I found quite intriguing (and think you might, too). I especially agree with Folkers paragraph that begins I started to paint again.  Without further ado, here are Folkers words: MIT is just another place Prior to arriving at MIT, you might harbor the notion that it is a magical place where unicorns, dragons, and fairies exist. After the first three weeks, the honeymoon is over and you find out that it is a lot of work. The work is manageable, but only if you are not in 10 other activities outside of classes. Supposedly, students that are accepted to MIT are “well-rounded.” In reality, we found science/engineering fun and easy; thus allowing time for us to be the presidents of clubs, play sports, and sleep. Everyone hits the realization that you can’t do everything some time during the first four terms at MIT. I was told prior to arriving at MIT that it was going to be hard work, so I came prepared to reduce my nonacademic commitments. For the first three terms, I treated MIT like most upperclassmen have in the past, and like some freshmen and sophomores still do: a place to leave after earning a degree. Then I came to the realization that I was unhappy, not because of MIT, but because I had forgotten who I was. MIT became about surviving classes, not pursuing knowledge. I decided to make an effort to enjoy MIT, and that is when it all got better. I started to paint again, to work out, and to have a social life. When it came to classes, every class had a purpose. Each class had a syllabus of their goals and objectives; then I would find something that I wanted to learn that could run in parallel to the course material. For example, I took 2.001 (Mechanics and Materials I) because I wanted to be able to design a small-scale bridge and calculate how strong I could make it for very little weight. I never ended up making the bridge, but every time I went to class I thought of how I could use the course material to design it. Stress, beam bending, and trusses became tools for what I wanted to do and ceased being academic objectives. Grades started to no longer matter. I stopped going after the A or B in the course; instead, I went for understanding the material and concepts. I can always go back to a book to find an equation, but understanding the “why” was more important. My approach was not foolproof. I did poorly in classes and realized that it was better to finish the term with three good classes than with four/five poor classes. You don’t get anything out of taking five classes if you don’t do well. Focus on deeply understanding the material. It is important to note that we are not defined by our failures. We are defined how we overcome our failures and move forward. Research is all about failing, and knowing what does not work, so we can discover and innovate on the one thing that works. Faculty have drawers of rejected papers and proposals. Those who have never failed do not understand the process of getting up. On a recent plane flight, I was sitting next to an MIT alum and we had a nice long conversation. We share a bond that transcends time; we both survived Boot Camp MIT. Staying up until 3 a.m. working on a problem set question because you want to find the answer; you don’t want it given to you. We have the ability to create our own heaven or hell. It really depends on the individual. Try discussing probability with people outside of MIT or quantum mechanics, and chances are that you are going to feel different or misunderstood. Or brilliant! MIT is just another place. You can be successful without coming to MIT. It is the drive for knowledge, to be surrounded by individuals that feel the same nerdy way we do about science and engineering that brings us together to such a place. You have to love the place, in order to be happy. If not, why did you come to MIT in the first place? MIT is not a place where parental desires matter. At the end of the day, there is only your desire for knowledge that will keep you up at night. For me, MIT is a playground. I can play around going on the monkey bars and have fun, or consider it exercise and be miserable. After 16 continuous terms (SB, MS, and now PhD candidate) at the Institute, I have found that MIT has so much more to offer than classes. Your education is only half of the learning. Sometimes the other half is the most important half with three important points: One, learning to keep good friends; two, enjoying life independent of the work load; and three, getting to know yourself. I joke around with “renewing my contract” with the Institute, and that I must be insane to keep wanting to stay here. There are no bars or time required to stay; the only thing that keeps us here is our desire. We can all leave at any time we please, move on with our lives, and be successful in the world. MIT is just another place where we come together for the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth: nothing more, nothing less. There are no unicorns, unless they are part of a hack. The only dragon is probably one painted on the halls of Bexley. We don’t have fairies â€" only snow flurries. Folkers E. Rojas G Heres a link to the article on the TECHs website:  http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N7/letters.html Thanks for allowing me to repost this Folkers! -Gabe

Antiviral Drug Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses Essay

Descriptive statistics was used in the research studies of the annotated bibliographies below and provides data that can be applied to the treatment of individuals possibly infected with the influenza virus. The data collected from specific populations shows the effects of specific antiviral drugs under certain conditions. Use of the data will enable healthcare providers to select the best course of action and determine proper use of limited resources in today’s cost constrained environment. Hypothesis Using a selected location in the United States with a large population exposed to both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains given antiviral medications, examination of the population’s resistance to projected influenza strains†¦show more content†¦The study used a single intramuscular injection with a variety of dosages of the drugs Peramivir, Zanamivir, and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in mice infected with the H1N1 influenza virus that caused the 2009 Pandemic in the United States. The study used the mean day of death that the average number of days that the mice survived following infection with H1N1. Evaluation of the weight loss differences in the mice of the study was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mice in the study experience weight loss and mortality following H1N1 infection therefore efficacy of the antivirals was evaluated on weight loss per mouse and mean day to the death of the mice. Mice injected with Peramivir showed bette r survivability rates than those receiving the same dosages of Zanamivir, and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) when initially infected with the H1N1 influenza virus. Support of our hypothesis is seen by noting that during the pandemic of 2009 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) was the initial drug of choice and treated people infected with H1N1 successfully. However as the pandemic spread across the United States antiviral resistance was noted as increasing commensurate with the number of days the pandemic raged. The strains used to infect the mice in the study were the later strains collected at the end of the 2009 pandemic where the Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance was initially noted. No significant increases of antiviral resistance were notedShow MoreRelatedInfluenza: Disease Analysis793 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Influenza Influenza is also referred to as flu and it is a respiratory infection that is caused by viruses which are a significant cause of respiratory disorders in human being and range from seasonal, endemic and pandemic infections. These viruses pass through the airways and enter into the body via the mouth or nose. About 5-20% of the people in the US suffer from the flu every year. There are several strains of the virus and they have been known to cause pandemics that kill millions worldwideRead MoreQuestions On Epidemiology Paper : Epidemiology1549 Words   |  7 Pagesjeopardize every individual worldwide. Dangerous viruses and pathogen bacteria, harmful microorganisms and fungus can trigger around 200 infectious diseases, and influenza is a dominative one in this group. This paper will provide an accurate overview of influenza including clinical descriptions, the determinants of health relatively to the indicated sickness progression. Simultaneously, the work will represent epidemiolo gical situation relatively to influenza, and community health care actions on thisRead MoreIn a Written Paper of 1,200-1,500 Words, Apply the Concepts of Epidemiology and Nursing Research to a Communicable Disease.1408 Words   |  6 PagesInfluenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higherRead MoreWhat Is Bioethical Standards?1394 Words   |  6 Pagesamong mammals. Primarily, the A/H5N1 is a highly pathogenic influenza A virus responsible for significant indices of morbidity and mortality in humans during epidemic outbreaks across the globe in the last years (WHO, 2017). Under normal circumstances, the avian flu affects a wide variety of domestic and wild birds, being the latter commonly considered its reservoir in nature (Webster et al, 1992). However, humans cases of avian influenza have been increasingly reported in recent times, raising attentionRead MoreSalmonella causes illness in humans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that1700 Words   |  7 Pageshumans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that media to which may simply unfold in a very population an example is, outbreaks of illness will occur by contamination of a dish. The illness could also be controlled by antibiotics, drug resistant and hyper virulent strains square measure powerful to fight. Strains at an equivalent time, pro of against seven antibiotics exist. Thereafter, understanding the thought of virulence determinants and their response to medication may be a crucialRead MoreEssay on Avian Influenza: Type A Virus Infection in Humans3311 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction The avian influenza virus is a type A influenza virus which is normally found in birds. Wild birds are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A viruses. This includes waterfowl, gulls and shorebirds. 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Haemophilus influenzae has new strands of bacterium that can affect organism there is an unencapsulated strain and an encapsulated strain, which is the most common strain toRead MoreIntroduction to Diseases10781 Words   |  44 Pageswith exercise or activity †¢ Wheezing, which may: o Comes in episodes with symptom-free periods in between; o May be worse at night or in early morning; o May go away on its own; o Gets better when using drugs that open the airways (bronchodilators); o Gets worse when breathing in cold air; o Gets worse with exercise; o Gets worse with heartburn (reflux); o Usually begins suddenly; Emergency symptoms are usually:

Improving Self Esteem Sixth Grade Math Through Goal Setting

Strengthening Male Self-Esteem in Seventh Grade Math Through Goal Setting Weston Steinberg Instructor: Dr. Chris Deeter A Research Report Presented to The Graduate Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters in Education Concordia University - Portland 2014Strengthening Math Esteem in Seventh Grade Through Goal Setting This action research is about discovering if goal setting helps improve self-esteem for males in the seventh grade math classroom. Actions will be taken by gathering information about students’ self-esteem through a survey at the beginning of the year. This will help the study find out the reasons for their level of self-esteem and have them rate their self esteem in math. After measuring the students’ self-esteem, I will set realistic goals with the students’ to raise their self-esteem. At the end of the research, I will conduct another survey to determine the amount of self-esteem growth from each student and whether or not the goals were achieved. Review of the Literature From personal experiences, there are many different types of emotions and actions that can affect someones math skills. Since teaching, the self-esteem of seventh grade male students stood out as an important affect on how student’s perform. If a student has confidence in math, they will perform well and won’t express their previous negative attitudes. On the other hand, if a student has a low confidence in math, they will perform poorlyShow MoreRelatedSexual Education Programs Taught Schools3646 Words   |  15 Pagesseveral arguments when it comes to sexual education being taught in school systems. Many parents fear their student will learn too much at young age and won’t know how often sexual education is being discussed. 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Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation Free Essays

CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.0 BACKGROUND The world has evolved into a place where employees of organisations are of different nationalities and work outside their countries of origin. With the increase in globalization and the expansion of matrix-based organisations, managers/project teams need to work in culturally diverse project environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every global company’s competitive advantage depends on its ability to coordinate critical resources and information that are spread across different geographical locations. Govindarajan and Gupta (2001) having explored numerous organisational mechanisms concluded that the most effective tool to integrate dispersed cross-border operations is global corporation teams. Global teams are comprised of individuals with different skills, nationalities and cultures. These individuals come together to coordinate and manage aspects of multinational operation on a global basis (Govindarajen and Gupta 2001). 1.1 Problem Statement International projects are mainly driven by global project teams which provide room for a wide pool of talent, potential cost reductions, enforcement of internal competition and possible quality improvements (Eberlein 2008). In line with contemporary globalization being manifested in all spheres of business including international projects, Tomlinson (1999) attests that globalisation is a central theme in every modern business society and consequently poses additional challenge for project managers. To curb this challenge, many critical success factors have been discussed in a broader spectrum covering a range of Project Management knowledge areas. In as much as globalization impacts project management approaches and provokes the need for project teams to cope with the challenges resulting from an ever more dynamic environment of international projects. The problem this project seeks to resolve is to evaluate structures required to facilitate success in global project team implementa tion whilst staying sensitive to the diversity of persons involved in the project. 1.2 Project Definition 1.2.1 Aim The overall aim is to identify key determinants for effective global project team success. 1.2.2 Objectives In order to achieve the above aim, the following objectives are necessary: To examine theories and definition of effective global teams to achieve successful project implementation. To evaluate key determinants of successful global team implementation. To assess the potential challenges that may affect successful global team project implementation. To suggest recommendations necessary to the findings of the study. 1.2.3 Scope of Study 1.2.4 Project/Research Conditions The research conditions in this report refer to the assumptions, constraints and considerations which are aligned to the research objectives outlined in section 1.2.2. Factors considered being true, that may impede project progress and any external validating factors of the project (Hill 2004; Carmichael 2003; Heldman and Mangano 2009) are further discussed in Table 1. Table 1: Assumptions, Constraints, Considerations ASSUMPTIONS CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS Key determinants of success during global project team implementation has become critical in every international project and when discounted may vehemently nce thesis.examine data, it is necessary to_________________________________________________________________ affect organizational functioning.Project Scope: the magnitude of the project could also be a constraint due to the vast project deliverables which will require more planning and resources to accomplish.Scope and Requirement Specifications Materials will be available and sufficient to facilitate accuracy in compilation of facts and figures as well as successful completion and handover of research results.Project Time: project has a schedule and this could serve as a constraint as it is expected not to exceed its timeline.Organisation of the Study No one technique or model adequately accounts as the critical success factor to facilitate successful global project team implementation hence the adoption of various models of effective team.Project Budget: approved budget could restrict the project team since they are left with no other option than to work within this budget.The economic, social and environmental trends of the project 1.3 Justification / Rational The proposed research seeks to propound a theory by way of complementing existing studies thereby contributing to substantiate the existing theories. Upon completion, it is expected that the proposed research will address the reasons for certain global or international projects’ liability to failures including inevitable challenges that may be faced during and after the project. The research will also provide standard and acceptable success models worth considering in global projects. It is, however, expected that the proposed research will contribute to the existing body of literature on matters of effective global team work as well as potential challenges that may affect successful global project team implementation. 1.3.1 Business Goldberg (2008) examines that, â€Å"We live in a project world that is characterized by frequent changes, complexity and virtual expertise. In such a world knowledge identification and sharing is a necessity.† In effect, projects that cross borders offer unique opportunities as well as embrace significant risks. To ensure successful cross-border collaboration, careful selection and alignment are however, not enough (Freedman and Katz 2007), rather, certain deliverables must be aimed at and achieved to consider the project successful. 1.3.2 Academic The research holds a global view which conceptualises the success factors as a multi-dimensional concept. As a result, this research contributes to the generic success factors literature in project management by discussing five key determinants to be considered in every global project implementation. 1.3.3 Personal As an emerging Project Manager who aspires to be identified within a global project team, this research will equip me to better appreciate certain determinants of success which when considered will have a significant impact on global projects. 2.0 METHODOLOGY A qualitative research approach via content analysis and critical discussions as well as analysis will be employed in order to achieve the set objectives of this proposal. Considering the time frame allocated for this exercise, a secondary research methodology is deemed appropriate and will be adopted to congregate information. Literature to be reviewed as secondary data will be sourced from text books, journals and relevant websites via extensive research. Much of the work will also involve brainstorming exercises in order to develop substantial research analysis. 2.1 Sources and Scope of Data The research will use a structured approach to evalu ­ate existing literature from secondary data ranging from publications, research reports, and conference papers. Selection of articles in reviewed academic journals such as the Project Management Jour ­nal (PMJ) and the International Journal of Project Management (IJPM) will be mainly employed since these are considered the leading project management specific journals (Henrie and Sousa-Poza, 2005). Text books to be used for analysis will be sourced electronically and from libraries. Online databases such Science Direct, Emerald, and Business Source Premier will be used to source for other data that relates to the subject matter. 2.2 Data Analysis To appropriately address the objectives of this research proposal, literature will be reviewed to draw out the relative ideas and opinions to evaluate critical success factors in global team implementation. Pictorial representation as well as descriptive analysis in the form of theoretical analysis and critical evaluation will be employed to analyse information gathered. 2.3 Data Presentation Tables and Figures will be used in presenting data. If necessary, schematic diagrams will be employed to illustrate certain findings. 3.0 PROJECT OUTLINE 3.1 Project Approach The phases of the research have been aligned with the APM lifecycle model in Figure 1. 3.2 Organization of the study The study will be organized into five chapters. Chapter One will entail the introduction, problem statement, aim, objectives, methodology, justification of the study, organization of the study in addition to operational definitions to facilitate precise implications of certain words and phrases. Chapter Two will review available literature on Global projects, Global teams and their associated significance in the 21st broad-based international projects era among others findings. Chapter Three will be in two parts. The first part will comprise of what project success factors are and the importance attached to their definition at the commencement of a project. Data gathered will be presented and discussed in the second part of this chapter on five key determinants of success with regards to Global team projects. Chapter Four will entail factors that may affect the swift implementation of projects within a Global setting as well as the role of the project manager to ensure proper implementation. Chapter Five will summarise the findings by drawing a coherent conclusion and propose strategic recommendations through lessons learnt. By examining literature from journals, articles and text books, recommendations will be suggested through a broadened horizon of lessons learnt. 4.0 RESEARCH REQUIREMENT AND RESEARCH SCHEDULE 4.1 Resource Requirement The resource requirements for the research are the articles, journals, text books and relevant literature on Global teams within international projects and critical project success factors to be considered in facilitating successful global project team implementation. All these data are assumed to be free and readily available. At this proposal stage, articles as well as journals on Global teams, Global projects as well as key determinants of global project success have been acquired from text books and other website materials. Also journals and articles have been downloaded from electronic search engines. 4.2 Schedule and Work Plan The research is expected to be completed in four months representing the third semester duration. The research is expected to be completed on 29th September 2011. Figure 2 below shows the proposed dissertation duration work plan. Figure 2: Proposed research duration 5.0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The data required for the proposed research are publicly available and easily accessible electronically and from libraries. No form of unethical practice is required to gain access to the data required for analysis. Furthermore, all data will be objectively presented and analysed and all literature used will be properly acknowledged. 6.0 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Key Determinants of success / Critical success factors: CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Purpose of the Literature Review Literature review is considered a significant part of the research, given that, the researcher will be given the opportunity to appraise reliable past and current materials put together by authors about key determinants of success in global project team implementation. Literature Review will provide evidence on the eligibility of the topic by way of: Demonstrating opinions and facts discovered through the research. Justifying the inclusion of definite works in the review in an attempt to make the literature useful. 2.1 Global Project Teams In a quest to strategically improve effectively by means of integrating resources to gain competitive advantage, organisations are meticulously embarking on international projects by developing alliances across the globe. Geographically dispersed multinational project activities have become a competitive tool in contemporary business environments of which Cleland and Gareis (2006) assesses features such as differences in skills and culture team members bring on board, timely and cost-effectiveness projects as well as technology transfers across borders. 2.2 Global Projects 2.3 Significance of Global Project Team Implementation in the 21st Era REFERENCES GOVINDARAJAN, G. V. and GUPTA, G.A.K., 2001. Building an Effective Global Business Team. MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 HENRIE, M. and SOUSA-POZA, A. 2005. Project Management: A cultural literary review. Project Management Journal 36(2), 5 – 14. LARSON, W. and GRAY, F., 2011. Project Management: Managerial Process. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. CLELAND, D. I. and GAREIS, R., 2006. Global Project Management Handbook. Planning, Organising and Controlling International Projects. 2nd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. TOMLINSON, J., 1999. Globalization and Culture. University of Chicago Press. HOLSTEIN, J., GUBRIUM, J.F., 2002. Qualitative Research. Encyclopaedia of Aging. [Online] Available from http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Qualitative_research.aspx (Accessed May 3 2011) CARMICHAEL, D.G., 2003. Project Management Framework, A.A. Balkema HELDMAN, K. and MANGANO, V., 2009. PMP: Project Management Professional Exam Review Guide. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Ltd. GOLDBERG, R., 2008. The Growing Importance of Global Collaboration. [Online] Available from http://www.theicpm.com/blog/item/676-the-growing-importance-of-global-collaboration (Accessed May 26 2011) FREEDMAN, S., and KATZ, L. 2007. Critical Success Factors for International Projects. PM World Today. Vol. IX, Issue IX. [Online] Available from http://www.pmforum.org/library/papers/2007/PDFs/Freedman_Katz-10-07.pdf (Accessed May 26 2011) BIBILOGRAPHY EBERLEIN, M., 2008. Culture as a critical success factor for successful Global project management in multi-national IT service projects. Journal of Information Technology Management Volume XIX, NO. 3. How to cite Key Determinants of Success during Global Project Team Implementation, Essay examples

SWOT Analysis Airbnb Essay Example

SWOT Analysis Airbnb Paper Services provided to visitors include rating, review of previous guests and other users recommendation and so on. So far, Air has experienced enormous success with over 1 million hosts and travelers, over 10 million nights booked. Strengths Technology Skills: Airbag has at its disposal some of the worlds best software engineers. The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California, near the so-called Silicon Valley. Leading Brand: Airbag is the companys only brand image, which works in the company s favor. Airbag operates in a niche between conventional accommodation and more allowable options like Surcharging. Distribution channels: Airbag utilizes both HTML websites and mobile APS. The company has acquired smaller travel companies and entered readerships with cleaning companies. We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis Airbnb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Customer loyalty/relationship: Airbag is partnered with Concur, who are an expense reporting service for businesses. The Airbag website includes many blobs aimed at both lodgers and property owners Production quality: The mobile APS have high ratings on their respective app stores. Customers generally enjoy the way of traveling encouraged by the service Scale: Airbag used venture capital to purchase College, a German clone of their website, officially marking their international expansion. Management: Co-founders Brian Checks and Joe Gabbier both radiated Rhode Island School of Design and their efforts drive both website and product design, but also the companys growth. Weaknesses Weak brand: The idea can easily be copied Companies tend to focus locally instead of internationally Ex:- Wind. Mom Low customer retention Airbag acts as mediator between the host and the customer Bad experiences of customer leads to customer dissatisfaction. Might not use Airbag again. Demand for more customer service: Exponential increase of users of Airbag each year Customer service is inadequate to meet with customers demands Bad encounters result in bad reviews/several complaints Ex:- Host had to go through a strenuous process to get a refund. Increase of rental/housing prices Renting flats or houses is an increasing trend Airbag provides more money making purport nineties More likely to keep flat empty than give it to anyone. Housing problem generated in the long term. Opportunities Current Situation: Opened 11 new offices in 2012 Concentrated in Europe, then the Americas and few in South/East/South East Asia Expansion in different markets: Reach out to the undeveloped business areas Ex:- Unpopular tourist destinations Introduce online service to house owners Integrate Airbags Platform with other outlets: Create partnership with other services Ex:- Airline agencies, travel guides etc. Same lender minimizes the inconvenience and increase usage Seasonal and periodical promotion: Reward-giving events (ex:- Goad) Sales Increase attractiveness and boost sales Increase in Physical Offices: More local teams Better comma inactions Attract more potential consumers Educate the new users and retain previous customers Threats o Similar Competitors: Some competitors like flats. Com, wind. Com. Budget Hotels: budget hotels have low prices that take the market share of Air o unpleasant Host Experience: The have been some law suits about he lodgers have parties in hoses room. Reference: http://Nippon. Mom/2014/03/1 7/airbag fib-renter-claims-he-returned-home -to-an-orgy/

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essays

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essays The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essay The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Essay Tensions between the North and the South were building up prior to the Civil War as slavery became a heated issue between those two regions. Many abolitionist helped many slaves to secretly reach freedom in the North or Canada through the Underground Railroad. Southerners felt that former laws passed by the Congress were not followed as they were supposed to be, because of legal deficiencies. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves which often lived as free citizens in northern cities. The law made northerners feels like they were part of the slave system, and therefore they were upset by it. It was said that around 3,000 black already had fled to the North and Canada. Some of the fugitive slaves used the Underground Railroad to reach Canada. This was done by many anti-slavery Committees in the North that helped them escape. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was composed of ten sections and allowed the sla ve-owner to bring an alleged fugitive before a special officer, a newly created federal commissioner, and use testimony of white witnesses or an affidavit from a court in a slavery state to prove ownership. However, northerners thought that the law was an attack on states rights. Slaveholders could enter their territory, look up for slaves, capture them and then return with them without process of law. This made the northerners angry. On the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 the Congress had active roles in ensuring retrieval of escaped slaves. Federal marshals also were enjoined to help recapture slaves, under $1000 penal fines. If a runaway escaped while in a marshals custody, the marshal had to give up the slaves full value to the owner. As in southern courts, slaves could not testify against whites. It was against the law for the slave to testify on his own behalf or request a jury trial. The federal c

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula In grammar, zero copula refers to the absence of an explicit auxiliary verb (usually a form of the verb be) in certain constructions where it is customarily found in standard English. Also called copula deletion  or understood copula. In their book Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English (Wiley, 2000), John R. Rickford and Russell J. Rickford note that the zero copula is one of the most distinctive and identity-affirming characteristics of ​African-American Vernacular English  (AAVE). Examples and Observations I dont say stuff to people most of the time. Mostly I just look at them like they stupid.(Katherine S. Newman, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. Random House, 2000)Why she cant come to me? Fanny asked as she passed Mercy off to a neighbor so she could walk faster. Where she been? Where she at now? Fanny asked, wringing her hands. She knew something was wrong.(Bernice L. McFadden, This Bitter Earth. Plume, 2002)The Zero Copula in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)One of the most interesting characteristics of AAE is the . . . use of the zero copula. As [William] Labov (1969) has explained, the rule for its use is really quite simple. If you can contract be in SE [Standard English], you can delete it in AAE. That is, since He is nice can be contracted to Hes nice in SE, it can become He nice in AAE. Likewise, But everybodys not black can become But everybody not black. . . .We should note that the zero copula is very rarely found in the speech of whites, even poor southern whites. Not all blacks use it either.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) ​\ Factors Governing the Use of the Zero Copula [Toya A.] Wyatt (1991) found that AAE preschoolers were more likely to use zero copula: after pronoun subjects (56%) rather than noun subjects (21%); before locative predicates (35%) and adjective predicates (27%) rather than noun predicates (18%); and in second person singular and plural predicates (45%) rather than third person singular predicates (19%). In addition, the zero copula occurred less than 1% of the time in past tense, first person singular, and final clause contexts. This suggests that as early as three years of age, AAE child speakers not only acquire the basic grammatical features of AAE but also the language-specific variable rules that govern their use (Wyatt 1996).(Toya A. Wyatt, Childrens Acquisition and Maintenance of AAE. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, ed. by Sonja L. Lanehart. John Benjamins, 2001) I hold Jinggaya. Jinggaya, you all right? I ask. I got bad fear she hurt.Yes, yes, she say. I all right. You all right?(Andrew Parkin, A Thing Apart. Troubador, 2002) Zero Copula and Pidgins Zero copula is probably the single feature most readily associated with pidgins. . . . However, it is not an exclusively pidgin feature by any means. . . . Thus, while zero copula may exist, or have existed at some time, in all pidgins, it is not a feature which distinguishes pidgins from other languages.(Philip Baker, Some Developmental Inferences From Historical Studies of Pidgins and Creoles. The Early Stages of Creolization, ed. by Jacques Arends. John Benjamins, 1995) Suddenly the managers boy put his insolent black head in the doorway, and said in a tone of scathing contemptMistah Kurtzhe dead.(Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1903)